The pilgrimage of women in Laurences The Diviners Essay -- Margaret L

Women's liberation as characterized in the women's activist Dictionary (1985) is a development looking for the acknowledgment of the world upon a premise of sex correspondence and every single human connection, a development which would dismiss each separation between people upon the ground of sex, would annul all sex benefits and sex troubles and would endeavor up to the acknowledgment of the regular humankind as the establishment of law and custom. Women's activist writing is a standard book, which depicts the sufferings of ladies, demands the requirement for ensuring their privileges and recommends implies on their liberation. Woman's rights might be considered as a social development. It thinks about ladies as the mistreated gathering, maintains their privilege by introducing them as people and individuals. It avows their abilities to be self-ruling, keen, solid and fruitful. Women's activist writings, then again, typify in their works of creative mind a portion of these perspectives. These abstract writings question the current social presumption, which they delineate as being emotional, partial and uneven. They catch the discouraging states of ladies, involve proposing available resources for settling their issues. They argue for a sort of writing which would be liberated from the one-sided representations of people in light of their race, class and sex. Disregarding bondage and concealment, the ladies have contributed their scholarly and inventive may to the development and improvement of the general public and themselves. Toni Morrison, Barbara Smith, and Lorraine Hansberry , Margaret Laurence, Margaret Clarke, Margaret Atwood and Ethel Wilson are some of them, ?Journey is an excursion to a hallowed spot As a demonstration of strict commitment - it Additionally mean... ...e need to see a greater amount of. In any case, such a large number of others, particularly those in Morag's current life are figures. Her little girl and little girls' allies are cliché flower children of the time. Her educator spouse, her own companions and neighbors and grouped proprietors all appear to play out their story capacities and afterward mix offstage. Plainly Laurence composes withan attention to her tribal past and in this way composes with a settler awareness. It is again this settler cognizance working in her which represents the inescapable nearness of excursion theme , for migration has consistently been in close relationship with venture, with development across existence. On account of Canadian workers, ventures were to bigin with, spurred by investigation and mission and later on prompted procedures of self-acknowledgment, character and character improvement.

Art and History Displayed at the Pompeii Exhibition at LACMA Essay

The Pompeii presentation at LACMA was a bewildering representation of history. The display gave a wide range of articles; from models, glass figures, painted craftsmanship, and that's only the tip of the iceberg. These craftsmanship pieces indicate the sort of life that was occurring in the Bay of Naples during the subsequent century. As we probably am aware the urban areas around the Bay of Naples, which incorporate Pompeii and Herculaneum, became vacation destinations when the urban communities were uncovered after they were covered from the volcanic ejection of Mount Vesuvius. In any case, the cognizance of how the craftsmanship pieces advanced into the exhibition hall is only a little actuality of the history behind them. With this display we can feel like we are back in time and living in the thrilling time of Pompeii. Toward the beginning of the show we are given different busts and models of certain, and probably well known, figures. It is the point at which we see the figure of Aphrodite (see Fig. 1) that we begin detecting the essentialness of the presentation. These figures were the standard during the second century in the Bay of Naples, and by review the unpredictable subtleties in every workmanship piece we see how commendable each work intended to every one of the craftsmen. The model of Aphrodite depicted a peaceful welcome to the exhibitors. She remained in the center inviting us with a delicate and comforting grin. Through this model we see how the Pompeii craftsman was following the Greek impression of the human body, for example, what we see in Polykleitos’ form, Doryphoros; Aphrodite remains with the weight moved on to one side foot depicting the cross parity of the human body. When we welcome the primary craftsmanship room we are then given different bits of the nurseries tha t were found around the Bay of Naples. In, w... ...hristen Kobke were in plain view including The Forum at Pompeii. The Forum painting delineates an unfortunate scene of Pompeii as it sits torn and destructed. Books and photograph collections likewise are shown toward the finish of the display. Nonetheless, one of the keep going figures visible, Nydia, The Blind Girl of Pompeii (see Fig. 4), gives us the way that numerous individuals were really propelled by the extraordinary awful story of Pompeii. The figure of Nydia communicates the trouble and frightfulness that many had encountered during that time. The Pompeii presentation highlighted various articles, and how these items were appeared to the open introduced a story. We were invited by the individuals into the home and gardens. Later we were given our leaving behind the photograph collections and lit up Pompeii craftsmanship. This display shows how much data and history can be introduced in a couple of bits of workmanship.

College Paper Writing Help - Get Students to Write Better Papers

College Paper Writing Help - Get Students to Write Better PapersIf you are looking for college paper writing help, there are some techniques that you can use to make your papers more interesting and concise. You don't want to try to be clever and beat around the bush or come across as a student who is trying too hard. Be yourself and be honest about what you are saying.The most important thing that you can do when writing your college paper is to stick to your topic. Write about what the paper is about and write about it well. Think about how to get across your point of view and the impact it will have on your audience. When you are clear about what you want to say, your writing will be clearer and will be easier to read.To get across your point of view it is helpful to write about the paper in paragraphs rather than one long paragraph. When writing a long essay it is difficult to understand how much information you need to include. However, when you use paragraphs to describe your t opics it makes your writing more concise. The more concise you are, the easier it will be to read your paper.Try to use short sentences to describe your points of view. Allowing your reader to get the gist of what you are saying allows them to be absorbed in the information that you are presenting. When you are unsure of how to present your points of view you should allow your audience to use their own perspective and experience to help explain what they think you mean. The paper will be clearer when this happens. So try to be careful when using the word 'like' as it may not make sense.Making statements can help to make your papers more interesting. For example if you are stating an opinion, you should explain why you have that opinion and what it is. Instead of just telling the reader you think, why not give them something to think about? Using examples of how others have made an argument is a good way to break up your point of view and make your paper clearer.Be accurate when you write your paper. If you have to make some corrections, do it. It will help your audience to see that you are up to date with the facts. There is nothing worse than being right because you wrote something in the paper but later find out that you were wrong. It may cause confusion among your audience so it is best to be completely accurate.Try to get across a specific topic but also put a light heart into it. When you make a strong argument, but it sounds like you are being overly friendly and getting all mushy on the paper, it will not be attractive to your audience. So be direct, but keep it upbeat.Keep your essay short and avoid a lengthy paper. The paper should be easy to read and understand. It should take no more than five minutes to read and no more than ten to write. If you overshoot it, then you can always revise.

The Internet and Social Media - 1212 Words

Instagram, Twitter, and Facebook. OH MY! Since the development of the Internet, technology has vastly changed the way we live and communicate. This technological revolution we have gone through has brought about many new things into our daily lives. The birth of social media has completely changed technology, and they way we use it. We can now communicate with each other from anywhere around the world. We can update people on our current location. We can have a conversation over text. We can inform people exactly what we are doing at any given time. Social media has boomed in our society, and is only getting more and more popular. With sites like Twitter, Facebook, Instagram, and Google +, people can communicate and update the world with whatever they see fit. Millions of people use social media every single say, with many of them using it multiple times a day. Teens in today’s world have been attracted the most towards social media, and use it more often than any other age gr oup. The temptation to always be on social media is very prevalent in many teens’ lives. It distracts teens from the more important things life has to offer like a good education, or a job. This technological epidemic may seem like a fantastic thing to some people, but I view it differently. Kids today are heavily abusing social media, and using it to harm or hurt people. I personally believe that social media is an increasing negative effect on teens in our world today because of the depressionShow MoreRelatedSocial Media And The Internet1564 Words   |  7 Pagesassociated with social media and the Internet. Many years ago, before phones and computers were invented, simply going outside to play was a great way to spend time with friends and be entertained. Technology has evolved greatly since these days. Teens can communicate, post pictures, and search anything on the Internet nowadays. Although social media is a very big hit in this century, the real question is, is it sa fe? What does the use of social media and the Internet lead teens to do? Social media and theRead MoreThe Internet And Social Media946 Words   |  4 PagesInternet and Social Media The advent of the Information Age linked people to one another, across vast expanses of geographic space through a simple home computer. While early home users paid per minute of access, the service providers quickly offered a set, monthly fee for access and continuously growing bandwidth availability to remain competitive as users started streaming videos, music, and live broadcasts. Along with entertainment and communication between people, the internet also offers neverRead MoreThe Internet And Social Media927 Words   |  4 PagesThe internet and social media instantly connects individuals anywhere in the world with each other. This instant connection can be beneficial to nurses in the workplace. It enables quicker communication between staff and is an unlimited resource of information for nurses and patients. The downside is that nurses have to be careful of what they put online. Social media can be a great tool to improve patient care when used appropriately. An article titled To Tweet or not to Tweet? Nurses, Social MediaRead MoreSocial Media And The Internet Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesSocial media and the internet have changed the way people in the music industry do business, along with how people in society receive music. People in the music industry have had to reevaluate everything that they have done in the past, in order to adapt to how things are now. Artists are now taking control of their own careers; because of that major labels are not making as much money as they did before. Through the internet and social media artists have been releasing there own music on sitesRead MoreThe Internet And Social Media1437 Words   |  6 Pagescontinues. The internet and various social media have been changing the arena in which people communicate with each other. People use the internet to interact with various individuals all over the world. The internet has bridged the gap between communicating with individuals as they connect with family, friends and other individuals in society. As individuals embraces the evolution of technology, there are multiple ways individuals can communicate with each other. Social media has been theRead MoreThe Internet And Social Media Essay2046 Words   |  9 Pagesconnection where a person’s access to the internet is limited only by whether they have an internet ready device. The internet has allowed users to freely and effortlessly communicate with each other across the globe. This has opened up new and exciting prospects including forming friends aboard, creating a personal blog and competing in online games with people from other countries. It is estimated that around 2.95 billion people around the world use social media web-sites. In the United States (US)Read MoreSocial Media And The Internet1866 Words   |  8 Pagestelevisions, and in the past few decades, the internet. According to History.com, in 1965, the first connection between two computers was made , and many advances occurred until the web we know today was birthed in 1991 by a swiss man named Tim Berners-Lee. This is when the world wide web, that WWW that appears on almost every URL, began to take shape, and where people could access an array of information. The internet seems to be the culmination of all these social media communication inventions. There areRead MoreInternet Usage Of Social Media1144 Words   |  5 PagesOVERVIEW: Internet usage has become a heavily integrated and important characteristic of current and contemporary society. It would be rare to meet anyone who has not yet used any aspect of the Internet. In fact, according to the article, Social Media Update 2016 written by Shannon Greenwood, Andrew Perrin, and Maeve Duggun of the Pew Research center, â€Å"86% of Americans are currently internet users† (Greenwood et al.) This percentage includes teenagers, emerging adults, and adults. Below are observationsRead MoreThe Rise Of The Internet And Soci al Media974 Words   |  4 Pagesheart of marketing, the core function is to create and deliver value to the consumer. The rise of the internet has seen the rise of the global consumer. Meaning businesses are not restricted by geographical location, increasing the speed and amount of potential customers within markets, presenting both a challenge and an opportunity for marketers. However since the rise of the internet and social media, Poiesz and van Raaij (2007) state that in increasingly crowded markets, and increasingly sophisticatedRead MoreThe Emergence Of The Internet And Social Media1079 Words   |  5 PagesThe emergence of the Internet and social media has had a tremendous impact on the theory and practice of advertising, public relations and marketing disciplines. Advertising spending on the Internet has outpaced all other traditional media (Center for Media Research, 2004). In the last two years, the number of social networking tools and the number of people using those tools have exploded, thus the rules are constantly changing and there is considerable uncertainty on how to employ these tools from

To What Extent Do You Agree with the Idea That King Lear...

King Lear inevitably meets his downfall by the end of the play, this happens through a combination of factors both in his direct control and through ways which are entirely out of his hands. Through his daughters disrespecting him through his foolishness over dividing his kingdom, the banishment of certain characters, unsuccessful manipulation and other methods Lear encounters madness and finally his death. From the beginning of the play the viewer can watch Lear deteriorate as his apparent madness intensifies and is helped along through other people such as his daughters Regan and Gonerill. Lear eventually seems to return to his original self regretting how these events started through his foolish banishment of Cordelia however this is†¦show more content†¦The division of the country would have weakened it, leading to arguments between people and that there wouldnt be an effective central government, meaning the there would be no effective defense. After this long period o f uncertainty in England, Shakespeares Elizabethan audience would have been horrified at Lears choice to divide his kingdom and create a lack of unity The next section in the play in which Lear personally contributes to his final fate is when he proposes that he and his one hundred knights live between Gonerill and Reagan in turn, on some kind of rotor Ourself by monthly course, with reservation for an hundred knights by you to be sustained, shall our abode make with you by due turn. When Lear and his knights are staying with Gonerill she tells the servants that they are to treat Lear with little respect and not to be courteous towards him. Lear does seem to notice this however it is only brought up in conversation by a knight which Lear Says he will look into. Lear says that he thought it was just him overacting around the situation but now that someone else has told him also he realizes that something may be wrong. After confronting Gonerill in which she wanted the number of his knights reduced Lear disowns her as she has basically gone back on her word when he was dividing his kingdom. At this point Lear speaks very badly of Gon erill, he calls her a degenerate bastard and later says Thou marbleShow MoreRelatedHuman Resources Management150900 Words   |  604 PagesCHAPTER 1 Changing Nature of Human Resource Management After you have read this chapter, you should be able to: ââ€"  Identify four major HR challenges currently facing organizations and managers. List and define each of the seven major categories of HR activities. Identify the three different roles of HR management. Discuss the three dimensions associated with HR management as a strategic business contributor. Explain why HR professionals and operating managers must view HR management as an

Analysis Of The Poem Summer By Josiah Conder - 900 Words

Summer by Josiah Conder , is describe as an a completely opposite Summer than the one everyone is familiar with. When thinking of the summer, thoughts of heat, vacation, and fun are usually associated with it. Conder describes the Summer as being a miserable time, where the skies are gray and gloomy. The sonnet itself is English/Shakespearean model which makes it easier for Conder to express different ideas in each quatrain but still relate them. Also Conder was a poet during the Romantic era where any feeling could be expressed towards anything. And that is what Conder does when describing the Summer. In the poem the speaker is having a conversation with no one , while they describe the Summer. Conder uses diction, imagery, alliteration and metaphor to help convey the idea that the Summer is not as fun and appealing. Throughout various lines in the poem Conder chooses very specific words to use throughout the poem. In the second line of the first quatrain of the poem while describ ing the sky. The speaker says â€Å"The pale grey skies/ A sort of dull and dubious and lustre†(1-2). The words â€Å"dubious† and â€Å"lustre† give a connotation of doubtful and shine. The speaker is describing the sky as of having a boring and doubtful glow or shine in the grey sky. Continuing in the third and fourth line of the first quatrain the speaker says â€Å"Nature lies/ Slumbering and gazing on me in her sleep† (3-4). The word slumbering has a connotation of sleeping. So what the speaker is saying in

Multiculturalism in Canada free essay sample

The topic of â€Å"multiculturalism,† has been a hotly debated issue since the end of the colonizing era. In their endeavor to find the best policy for multiculturalism, different countries opted for different options. States that chose to integrate cultural minorities into their mainstream society had to find the solution that would provide the most equality among citizens; a solution that would later translate into national solidarity and social cohesion. While some countries have strived to assimilate cultural minorities, others have attempted to â€Å"turn a blind eye† and tolerate them. Multiculturalism for me means to aid the integration of minorities into the mainstream society by granting them group-specific cultural rights. Providing group-specific rights would mean providing equality for all citizens by making up for the minority’s reduced status they succumbed when integrating into society. This paper will contrast and compare the different forms of multiculturalism policies and will ultimately prove that creating citizen equality by granting group-specific rights to deserving cultural groups is the fairest and most rewarding approach to dealing with multiculturalism. We will write a custom essay sample on Multiculturalism in Canada or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During colonialism, conquering powers made many mistakes in their attempts to deal with the aboriginals of their conquered lands. As Kymlicka (2002) declares, the colonialists’ first instinct was to either banish the indigenous people into isolated reserves or force them to abandon their culture and be assimilated into the new Western culture. The colonialists’ rationale was that if the aboriginals became citizens, they would incorporate themselves into the Western culture by gaining equal rights and would assume a common identity with all citizens. Although this sounds like a well justified argument, when explored in depth, it is easily realized that solely granting citizenship to the aboriginals wouldn’t necessarily lead to integration. This can be determined by the assumption that colonialist state citizens wouldn’t automatically welcome these new ‘different’ citizens with open arms. (Kymlicka, 2002) In addition, the First Nations, along with most other cultures, would predictably not want to shun their own culture and adopt a new one. This is especially true when the cultures in the process of being assimilated are subject to violence and forced compliance to the colonizers. Historically, the negative results associated with assimilation prove that assimilation will not work as a form of integration and a new solution based around groups being able to maintain their previous cultural ties would have to be utilized. After failing to succeed with assimilation attempts, the British colonizers of Canada opted for the option of banishment of natives; an option that would prove to have even more negative implications. Through a series of treaties that First Nation leaders were coerced to sign, the aboriginals of Canada were steadily removed of their rights and their territories. Eventually, these aboriginals were confined to reserves where they could no longer practice their previous lifestyles and their society was essentially ruined. Present day aboriginal peoples of Canada still suffer the consequences of their ancestor’s rights being violated during the colonizing era. Furthermore, due to the actions of the English colonizers centuries ago, the Canadian government today still faces the plight of the First Nations’ ruined society. The problems in First Nation reserves range from unemployment, to alcoholism, to high suicide rates; making it clear that the aboriginal peoples have not had success adapting to modern society effectively. Thus, I feel it is now the government’s duty to support the Canadian aboriginal groups by not only providing them with financial assistance, but also by granting them with group-specific rights to subsidize their misfortunes and at least attempt to give them social and economic equality with the national majority. Overall, neither assimilation nor isolation have worked in history as means of dealing with culture groups. Another solution based on integration to society, while being able to maintain one’s culture, needs to be explored. Such a solution exists in the present day United States. Here, the government acts under the principle of ‘benign neglect’. (Walzer 1992, in Kymlicka, 2002) Such a principle revolves around the state being indifferent to the ethnocultural groups in its country by allowing them to maintain their desired culture as long as they don’t violate the American constitution. The neutrality under which the American government functions allows all cultural groups to integrate as much as they see fit into the mainstream society. Consequently, the American government argues that there is no necessity for minority rights in their country since no one, not even the majority, are favored to any extent and everyone’s culture is tolerated. However, there are faults with the American policy of ‘benign neglect’.  disputes that although the United States declare that they have no recognized official language, the American government has historically ensured that Anglophones become a majority in all of the fifty states. Additionally, the United States still maintains policies today to guarantee that new citizens of the United States are able to speak English. These policies reveal that the Anglophone majority in the United States does indeed benefit by speaking English and there are no minority rights that subsidize the effects of these policies on the minorities. Furthermore, the fact that cultures are ‘tolerated’ for moral reasons in the United States can be seen as disrespectful. Culture groups want to be accepted, understood, and appreciated for what they are, not simply tolerated. Toleration, according to Mookherjee (2008), is something that must be based on self-interest and not sheer desire for moral growth. In summary, the aforementioned faults with the multiculturalism policy of ‘benign neglect’ therefore deem the American policy invalid as it fails to provide actual equality for its citizens. Thus a need for an additional approach to multiculturalism is required. The American benign neglect leaves something to be desired and thus forces national minorities to seek either isolation from mainstream society or integration under fairer terms; hence the debate for group-specific rights. (Kymlicka, 2002) As shown in the example of the First Nations in Canada, isolationism is not very appealing. Therefore, most minority groups choose to integrate into society. However, they need to find a means to protect their culture from the government’s ‘nation-building’ process once they integrate. Nation-building is a fundamentally acceptable idea since it would, in theory, provide a common identity among citizens and equal opportunity to access social institutions. (Kymlicka, 2002) However, nation-building acts too much in the likes of assimilation by promoting one culture and one language that all citizens would have to conform to. The response from minorities would then be to limit the effects of nation-building on their culture by requesting group-specific rights. The minorities’ justification for these rights would be that since the national majority is being benefited by their culture being dispersed among the nation, the benefits have to be balanced. Essentially, group-specific rights are based on the state being convinced that life is fundamentally unequal for minorities in society and thus there is a need to balance out inequalities by providing minorities with special privileges. This is consistent with ‘multicultural theory’ as outlined by Mookherjee (2008), which states that it is, â€Å"unjust if the law of the land demands much greater sacrifices of minorities than it does the majority. † Group-specific rights are however, a very controversial proposal. Mookherjee (2008) argues that â€Å"uniform citizenship is not enough for members of minority cultures in a liberal society. † Therefore, minorities need ‘differentiated citizenship’ in order to acknowledge that some groups have different needs and goals. This seems like a reasonable request, but there are many potential implications to granting special rights. The two main questions associated with group-specific rights are: who gets them? And what rights do they get? The government has to make sure that the special group-rights they grant do not result in the rights of the members in the culture group being violated in any way. According to Kymlicka (2002), there are two possible types of rights that minorities might claim. One of them would be for â€Å"external protections,† this would protect the minority from the external pressures of society. The latter one would allow groups to suppress their members to prevent dissent against the ideals and beliefs of the culture group. The government would understandably have to be extremely cautious about which groups receive group-specific rights. Most groups will use these rights for the protection of their culture and to supplement the individual rights of their members. (Raz in Kymlicka, 2002) However, there will be some groups that will utilize minority rights to perform illiberal actions that violate member’s rights. According to Okin (1999), most times, these violations would be targeted towards women. While some groups violate women openly by not allowing them to be educated or to vote, what about those groups that only mistreat women behind closed doors? Okin (1999) warns that most violations against women are informal and happen within the household. These may include but are not limited to: forcing women to work only in the home, and subjecting women to sexual violence. Okin (1999) argues that most traditional groups, especially religious groups, tend to hold the belief that women should be dominated by men and this is the primary reason why the state should not even consider the idea of granting group-specific rights. However, I believe Kymlicka’s (2002) limitations on which groups can receive minority rights are a very efficient buffer to prevent these violations from occurring. Understands that there is a need to differentiate between what he calls â€Å"good† and â€Å"bad† minority rights; the former supplement individual rights, while the latter restrict individual rights. I support Kymlicka’s criteria for granting cultural rights, which includes: allowing free association and the right to exit (Mookherjee, 2008), and that the group demanding special rights be subject to a constitution that defines all the rights of group members. These three main benchmarks would need to be present in order for groups to receive cultural rights and they would also be essential in ensuring that the benefits that group-specific rights are meant to provide are provided. I am aware of Okin’s (1999) argument that only a very limited of cultural groups will be able to meet this criteria. However, I strongly believe that if a culture group fails to ensure the safety and well-being of its members, it is not consistent with a liberal state and should by no means receive the privileges to carry out their illiberal actions inside a liberal state. However, if liberal-democratic cultural groups are awarded special rights, they can use these for positive endeavors. Examples include: to protect their cultures from external societal pressures, which will in turn provide group members with a sense of membership in a community. In addition, the society in which the group is demanding rights will benefit from having different cultures enriching its own. Ideally, the larger society will accept the cultural group and its members will receive positive recognition, which as Taylor (1992, in Mookherjee, 2008) states, is a ‘vital human need. ’ In the end, both the cultural groups and society as a whole should benefit from the existence and success of these groups. However it is my belief that this harmonious ideal can only be achieved through the granting of group-specific rights. In conclusion, I believe that minority cultural rights are justified. Throughout this paper, I have explored other possible realistic and even current policies for dealing with multiculturalism. However, each alternative has a fault or something that I feel can be improved using Kymlicka’s (2002) example. Firstly, neither assimilation nor isolation policies were successful in the past. Secondly, benign neglect in the United States has shown its inefficiency by the fact that the government doesn’t trust its own policy and opts to covertly favor the majority. Furthermore, toleration is not the most inclusive policy of multiculturalism as it doesn’t necessarily create cohesion between cultures and a desired unified nation. And finally, Okin’s (1999) feminist perspective against cultural rights is well defended. However, most right violations of women can be easily prevented by following Kymlicka’s (2002) criteria for the granting of group-specific rights. In general, group-specific rights are merely a way in which the government acknowledges the difficulties that minorities face in maintaining their cultural autonomy. To fix this fundamental inequality, it is necessary that the government grants group-specific cultural rights which would then fix this unbalance of equality and put many groups on as Kymlicka (2002) calls it, a more ‘equal footing,’ with the rest of society. Thus creating harmony. Multiculturalism in Canada free essay sample The topic ot multiculturalism, nas been a hotly debated issue since the end ot the colonizing era. In their endeavor to find the best policy for multiculturalism, different countries opted for different options. States that chose to integrate cultural minorities into their mainstream society had to find the solution that would provide the most equality among citizens; a solution that would later translate into national solidarity and social cohesion. While some countries have strived to assimilate cultural minorities, others have attempted to turn a blind eye and tolerate them. Multiculturalism for me means to aid the integration of minorities into the mainstream society by granting them group-specific cultural rights. Providing group- specific rights would mean providing equality for all citizens by making up for the minoritys reduced status they succumbed when integrating into society. This paper will contrast and compare the different forms of multiculturalism policies and will ultimately prove that creating citizen equality by granting group-specific rights to deserving cultural groups is the fairest and most rewarding approach to dealing with ulticulturalism. We will write a custom essay sample on Multiculturalism in Canada or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page During colonialism, conquering powers made many mistakes in their attempts to deal with the aboriginals of their conquered lands. As Kymlicka (2002) declares, the colonialists first instinct was to either banish the indigenous people into isolated reserves or force them to abandon their culture and be assimilated into the new Western culture. The colonialists rationale was that if the aboriginals became citizens, they would incorporate themselves into the Western culture by gaining equal rights and would assume a common identity with all citizens. Although this ounds like a well Justified argument, when explored in depth, it is easily realized that solely granting citizenship to the aboriginals wouldnt necessarily lead to integration. This can be determined by the assumption that colonialist state citizens wouldnt automatically welcome these new different citizens with open arms. Kymlicka, 2002) In addition, the First Nations, along with most other cultures, would predictably not want to shun their own culture and adopt a new one. This is especially true when the cultures in the process of being assimilated are subject to violence and forced compliance to the colonizers. Historically, the negative results associated with assimilation prove that assimilation will not work as a form of integration and a new solution based a round groups being able to maintain their previous cultural ties would have to be utilized. After failing to succeed with assimilation attempts, the British colonizers of Canada opted for the option of banishment of natives; an option that would prove to have even more negative implications. Through a series of treaties that First Nation leaders were coerced to sign, the aboriginals of Canada were steadily removed of their rights and their territories. Eventually, these aboriginals were confined to reserves where they could no longer practice their previous lifestyles and their society was essentially ruined. Present day aboriginal peoples of Canada still suffer the consequences of their ancestors rights being violated during the colonizing era. Furthermore, due to the actions ot the English colonizers centuries ago, the Canadian government today still faces the plight of the First Nations ruined society. The problems in First Nation reserves range from unemployment, to alcoholism, to high suicide rates; making it clear that the aboriginal peoples have not had success dapting to modern society effectively. Thus, I feel it is now the governments duty to support the Canadian aboriginal groups by not only providing them with financial assistance, but also by granting them with group-specific rights to subsidize their misfortunes and at least attempt to give them social and economic equality with the national majority. Overall, neither assimilation nor isolation have worked in history as means of dealing with culture groups. Another solution based on integration to society, while being able to maintain ones culture, needs to be explored. Such a solution exists in the present day United States. Here, the government acts under the principle of benign neglect. (Walzer 1992, in Kymlicka, 2002) Such a principle revolves around the state being indifferent to the ethnocultural groups in its country by allowing them to maintain their desired culture as long as they dont violate the American constitution. (Kymlicka, 2002) The neutrality under which the American government functions allows all cultural groups to integrate as much as they see fit into the mainstream society. Consequently, the American government argues that there is no necessity for minority rights in their country since no one, not ven the majority, are favored to any extent and everyones culture is tolerated. However, there are faults with the American policy of benign neglect. Kymlicka (2002) disputes that although the United States declare that they have no recognized official language, the American government has historically ensured that Anglophones become a majority in all of the fifty states. Additionally, the United States still maintains policies today to guarantee that new citizens of the United States are able to speak English. These policies reveal that the Anglophone majority in the United States does indeed benefit by speaking English and there are no minority rights that subsidize the effects of these policies on the minorities. Furthermore, the fact that cultures are tolerated for moral reasons in the United States can be seen as disrespectful. Culture groups want to be accepted, understood, and appreciated for what they are, not simply tolerated. Toleration, according to MookherJee (2008), is something that must be based on self-interest and not sheer desire for moral growth. In summary, the aforementioned faults with the multiculturalism policy of benign neglect therefore deem the American policy invalid as it fails to provide actual equality for its citizens. Thus a need for an additional approach to multiculturalism is required. The American benign neglect leaves something to be desired and thus forces national minorities to seek either isolation from mainstream society or integration under fairer terms; hence the debate for group-specific rights. (Kymlicka, 2002) As shown in the example of the First Nations in Canada, isolationism is not very appealing. Therefore, most minority groups choose to integrate into society. However, hey need to find a means to protect their culture from the governments nation- building process once they integrate. Nation-building is a fundamentally acceptable idea since it woul d, in theory, provide a common identity among citizens and equal opportunity to access social institutions. (Kymlicka, 2002) However, nation-building acts too much in the likes of assimilation by promoting one culture and one language that all citizens would have to conform to. The response from minorities would then be to limit the effects of nation-building on their culture by requesting group-specific ights. The minorities Justification for these rights would be that since the national majority is being benefited by their culture being dispersed among the nation, the benefits have to be balanced. Essentially, group-specific rights are based on the state being convinced that life is fundamentally unequal for minorities in society and thus there is a need to balance out inequalities by providing minorities with special privileges. This is consistent with multicultural theory as outlined by MookherJee (2008), which states that it is, unjust if the law of the land demands much greater acrifices of minorities than it does the majority. Group-specific rights are however, a very controversial proposal. MookherJee (2008) argues that uniform citizenship is not enough for members of minority cultures in a liberal society. Therefore, minorities need differentiated citizenship in order to acknowledge that some groups have different needs and goals. This seems like a reasonable request, but there are many potential implications to granting special rights. The two main questions associated with group-specific rights are: who gets them? And what rights do they get? The government has to make sure that the pecial group-rights they grant do not result in the rights of the members in the culture group being violated in any way. According to Kymlicka (2002), there are two possible types of rights that minorities might claim. One of them would be for external protections, this would protect the minority from the external pressures of society. The latter one would allow groups to suppress their members to prevent dissent against the ideals and beliefs of the culture group. The government would understandably have to be extremely cautious about which groups receive group-specific rights. Most groups will use these rights for the protection of their culture and to supplement the individual rights of their members. (Raz in Kymlicka, 2002) However, there will be some groups that will utilize minority rights to perform illiberal actions that violate members rights. According to Okin (1999), most times, these violations would be targeted towards women. While some groups violate women openly by not allowing them to be educated or to vote, what about those groups that only mistreat women behind closed doors? Okin (1999) warns that most violations against women are informal and happen within the household. These may include but are not limited to: forcing women to work only in the home, and subjecting women to sexual violence. Okin (1999) argues that most traditional groups, especially religious groups, tend to hold the belief that women should be dominated by men and this is the primary reason why the state should not even consider the idea of granting group-specific rights. However, I believe Kymlickas (2002) limitations on which groups can receive minority rights are a very efficient buffer to prevent these violations from occurring. Kymlicka 2) understands that there is a need to ditterentiate between what ne alls good and bad minority rights; the former supplement individual rights, while the latter restrict individual rights. I support Kymlickas criteria for granting cultural rights, which includes: allowing free association and the right to exit (MookherJee, 2008), and that the group demanding special rights be subject to a constitution that defines all the rights of group members. These three main benchmarks would need to be present in order for groups to receive cultural rights and they would also be essential in ensuring that the benefits that group-specific rights are meant to provide re provided. I am aware of Okins (1999) argument that only a very limited of cultural groups will be able to meet this criteria. However, I strongly believe that if a culture group fails to ensure the safety and well-being of its members, it is not consistent with a liberal state and should by no means receive the privileges to carry out their illiberal actions inside a liberal state. However, if liberal-democratic cultural groups are awarded special rights, they can use these for positive endeavors. Examples include: to protect their cultures from external societal pressures, which will in turn rovide group members with a sense of membership in a community. In addition, the society in which the group is demanding rights will benefit from having different cultures enriching its own. Ideally, the larger society will accept the cultural group and its members will receive positive recognition, which as Taylor (1992, in MookherJee, 2008) states, is a Vital human need. In the end, both the cultural groups and society as a whole should benefit from the existence and success of these groups. However it is my belief that this harmonious ideal can only be achieved through the granting of group-specific rights. In conclusion, I believe that minority cultural rights are Justified. Throughout this paper, I have explored other possible realistic and even current policies for dealing with multiculturalism. However, each alternative has a fault or something that I feel can be improved using Kymlickas (2002) example. Firstly, neither assimilation nor isolation policies were successful in the past. Secondly, benign neglect in the United States has shown its inefficiency by the fact that the government doesnt trust its own policy and opts to covertly favor the majority. Furthermore, toleration is not the most nclusive policy of multiculturalism as it doesnt necessarily create cohesion between cultures and a desired unified nation. And finally, Okins (1999) feminist perspective against cultural rights is well defended. However, most right violations of women can be easily prevented by following Kymlickas (2002) criteria for the granting of group- specific rights. In general, group-specific rights are merely a way in which the government acknowledges the difficulties that minorities face in maintaining their cultural autonomy. To fix this fundamental inequality, it is necessary that the overnment grants group-specific cultural rights which would then fix this unbalance of equality and put many groups on as Kymlicka (2002) calls it, a more equal footing, with the rest of society. Thus creating harmony.

To what extent is the media independent of state Essay Example

To what extent is the media independent of state? Essay The dependency between government and media is a contentious issue in contemporary times. The media, once termed the Fourth Estate due to the unique role it plays in society, is supposed to be the conscience of the First Estate, namely the government. Yet, a simple analysis of the functioning of media organizations makes obvious that its role had deviated from the purported ideal. Rather than serving the interests of the general public, the media is shown to serve vested interests of the powers that be. The object of this essay is to ascertain the magnitude of such deviances from ethical journalism. Scholarly sources are perused in the process to provide supporting evidence. In any critical discussion of modern geo-polity, the word ‘propaganda’ finds recurrent mention. This is nowhere truer than in discussions about the policies and actions of the world’s only superpower, the United States of America. In his book, ‘Managing Public Opinion: The Corporate Offensive’, Alex Carey says that in the United States, â€Å"great progress had been made towards the ideal of a propaganda-managed democracy, whose principal aim was to identify a rapacious business state with every cherished human value† (Pilger, 2005). If the objective of this propaganda framework is met, then notions of democracy and individual franchise will be overwhelmed by constructs of the public relations industry in the form of advertisements and business-controlled news. Carey goes on to say that it will not be long before other functioning democracies adopt this model of control, which essentially negates institutions of democracy. In essence, Alex Care y is suggesting that in the United States, the media has become subservient to the state (Pilger, 2005). We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is the media independent of state? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is the media independent of state? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent is the media independent of state? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The state of mass media in Britain, as in other modern democracies, should be also be gauged in the context of its participation in ideological propaganda. Ideology as a sociological term has been interpreted in many different ways. But the following is an approximate definition of the term: Any system of beliefs, values and habits that are based on a particular political or religious school of thought. Media in general and Television in particular has always been used to propagate ideologies. Although the word â€Å"ideology† has come to carry negative connotations, the propagated ideas need not necessarily be detrimental to the interests of the audience (Payne, 2005, p. 81). A very good example of this positive use of ideology is the British government run propaganda machinery during the First World War. As the strength of the British army grew weak in confronting an imposing German hostility, the military administration had to resort to Conscription as a means of restoring its strength. But a glimpse at the history of media in the backdrop of public administration and consumerism will show that the positive application of ideological propaganda is an exception than the rule. Empirical studies show that instances when the media and the state collaborate on a project, the consequences are unfavourable for the general public. For most part, the conservative owners of leading media houses want to ‘preach their viewers what is good conduct and what is not. The way they do it is by ‘showing’ what acceptable conduct is. While the merits and demerits of their beliefs are subject to debate, their role as the moral custodians of society is highly objectionable. The worrying aspect of this subtle coercion of values into the citizenry is that the viewers are not even aware of it, which makes them vulnerable to ideological indoctrination (New Statesman, July 24, 2000, p. 129). A key talking point amongst the intelligentsia is the dangers posed by lack of diversity and representation in the mainstream media’s coverage. The phenomena of media concentration, which has seen greater consolidation in the last decade, gives rise to production of news content that serves the interests of select media elite. This concentration of power in the hands of large media conglomerates makes it easy for them to set the political agenda on the national scale as exemplified by Rupert Murdoch’s near monopoly ownership of media space in Britain. In fact, when Tony Blair first came to power in 1997 his first foreign visit was to Australia to have a one-on-one conversation with Mr. Murdoch. Irrespective of the official rhetoric, this gesture on part of Mr. Blair can only be construed as an informal pact of media-state cooperation in the subsequent years of New Labour rule. It is no surprise then that the issues that media coverage, in general, is infested with their personal biases, prejudices and interests. The general public, made helpless by this system, are presented a narrow political agenda that holds no real significance for them (Eldridge, Kitzinger Williams, 1997, p. 27). In other words, while the media has the power to elicit a policy response from the government, the outcomes tend to benefit the media elite and ruling classes rather than people. Only a few news stories get picked for publication/broadcast among numerous other pieces competing for the same space/time. The journalists in charge of deciding the news content are subject to personal biases, external coercion (both implicit and explicit) and other constraints that influence their decision making. For these reasons, there are only a minority of journalists who adhere to standards of objectivity and professional integrity, while the rest succumb to various pressures consciously or otherwise. This decline in journalistic ethos is seen across geo-political entities and cultu res, making it a cause of concern for all (Eldridge, Kitzinger Williams, 1997, p. 28). While media industries across geo-political entities have similarities, no two media organization operates in the same environment. To this extent one cannot draw sweeping generalizations with respect to ascertaining the independence or the lack of it in the media industry. Not only is the difference induced by realities of individual nation-states, but they are also demarcated by political transformation from within. A case in point is Eastern Europe, whose constituent nations previously belonged to the Communist bloc of the Soviet Union. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the subsequent collapse of the Soviet Union had provided the fledgling democracies of the bloc to form a new media culture. But, as is the usually the case, orthodox media establishments proved difficult to budge even as Eastern European countries are now â€Å"the scene of the gradual disentanglement of the media from structures of the state, a process that, in many other countries, took place already a lon g time ago† (Jakubowicz, 1995, p.128). Even today, authoritarian regimes do exist and they exert strict control over news media establishments. In fact, under these regimes, media is just another agency of the government, as opposed to a neutral one. The classic examples of this model of information dissemination were first witnessed during the Stalinist years post Second World War. In contemporary times, China adopts a similar approach. So do Islamist nations of the Middle East. In the case of the former, â€Å"The Communist Party state sought to achieve unity of power and ownership, that is, absolute power subordinating political, economic, military, ideological, police, and judiciary powers and, of course, the media to a centralized command system of government it controlled†. Although this system is being challenged by a growing number of citizen activists, it is still a far cry from the standards of press freedom seen here in Britain. The erstwhile Communist states â€Å"must retrace the process that began wi th the original battle for liberty of the press in 17thcentury England† (Jakubowicz, 1995, p.127). Furthermore, the functioning of media under the Communist system sought complete subservience of the media, and, as a consequence, instituted the centralized command media system, whose defining characteristics were â€Å"state monopoly of the media (or a ban on opposition media), financial control, administrative control (of appointments, goals, allocation of frequencies and newsprint, monopoly of press distribution), prepublication political censorship (leading to self-censorship), laws banning critical (â€Å"subversive,† â€Å"seditious†) journalism, and barriers to international information flows (jamming of foreign radio stations, bans on imports and distribution of foreign newspapers, periodicals, books, etc.). The media fulfilled for the state the hegemonic functions of dominance, ideological homogenization of the audience, and reproduction of the existing social order.† (Jakubowicz, 1995, p.125) While the media-state relations might not be so intertwined in modern capitalist democracies, here too the government-media nexus exists, but from a subtler government-business community of interests. This is particularly true in capitalist societies, whereas it is less blatant in nations with a socialist tradition. Even in Britain, whose public representatives believe that they are at the forefront of democratic principles, the mutual dependency between government and business enterprises is quite obvious. Since mainstream media is only one manifestation of the larger corporate world, it is established by deduction that the government and media are dependent upon one another. To cite a popular example, the radio series Absolute Power, starring Stephen Fry and Mark Tavener, which featured in BBC Radio4 during the Blair years, is a humorous expose on the media’s ulterior motive. The lead characters in the series – Charles Prentice and Martin McCabe – play the role of partners and directors of the company Prentice-McCabe, which specializes in ‘Government-Media’ relations. The reality is not much different from this humorous take on the media. Across the Atlantic, for example, a thorough investigation of news and public affairs programming by the media watchdog group FAIR revealed that â€Å"the voice of business on television was much louder than all others even on the Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). More than one-third of all on-camera sources were representatives of corporate America or Wall Street. Corporate influence pervades nearly every aspect of society – from simple things, like our daily diet and the clothes we wear, to matters of larger scale, like the way we communicate with each other† (Gerbner, 2001, p.186).

Syria and United States conflict

Syria and United States conflict Introduction Syria has been engulfed in violent conflict since 2011. This conflict, which started with the protests to overthrow president Bashar al-Assad, continues to devastate the country to date. According to Al-Gharbi (2013), the conflict has led to the death of over 70,000 people and the internal displacement of around 2.5 million Syrians. The international community has tried to step in and devise a solution to the problem.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Syria and United States conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, there has been lack of agreement on how the conflict can be resolved. While most countries condemn the Assad regime, some continue to support the Syrian government. The US government has taken a stand against the Syrian government and called for the ouster of President Assad. Even so, the US has not been able to take proactive action to hasten the fall of al-Assad due to oppos ition from some major world powers including Russia and China. For this reason, Syria is the most immediate and difficult policy issue facing the Obama Administration today. This paper will analyze the Syrian conflict and its effects on the US. It will then offer some solutions to the problem and recommend measures that might lead to a resolution of the conflict. Impact of the Conflict The Syrian conflict has considerably reduced US influence in the Middle East. As the worlds superpower, Washington has demonstrated significant influence in many regions all over the world. The Middle East has been one of the regions where the US has shown some considerable authority. For example, it is a strong ally of the Saudi ruling family and it assisted in the toppling of the Libyan dictator, Muammar Gaddafi, in 2011. However, it has failed to take a bold step in the Syrian affair. This has resulted in a reduction in US influence due to the Obama administration’s inactivity. The US has re sisted direct military participation on behalf of the Syrian opposition forces and has shown great reluctance to supplying the opposition with weapons. Crowley (2013) observes that in spite of the fact that 70,000 people have already died in the Syrian conflict, President Obama has not taken any stringent action against the Assad regime. Instead, US involvement in the conflict has been limited to humanitarian aid. This US inaction has reduced US influence in the region and some analysis argue that it will lead to even less influence in a post-Assad Syria (Crowley, 2013). Regional powers such as Turkey and Iran have played the most visible role in the conflict. Turkey has supported the rebel forces and facilitated talks between the Syrian government and the Opposition. This has reinforced Turkey’s position in the region.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Syrian conflict has enlarged risks to US interests by increasing the presence of terrorist elements in the region. Before the conflict, the Syrian administration had a low tolerance to terrorist activities within the country’s boundaries. Using the security apparatus of the country, the Assad regime crushed any Islamic terrorist group that tried to establish itself in the country. The conflict in the country has led to unruliness in the country. Terrorist organizations have ceased this opportunity to operate in the country. Some of the factions of the Syrian opposition are affiliated with terrorist organizations such as Al-Qaeda. Crowley (2013) documents that there are a number of Islamists with direct links to terrorist networks fighting for the opposition in Syria. By providing funding and military assistance to the Syrian opposition, the international community is strengthening terrorist organizations that might in future attack US targets. Opposition forces in Syria have constantly called on the US to intervene militarily in the conflict. Opposition leaders are convinced that with US intervention, the Assad regime will be destroyed and the war will end. However, military intervention will be very costly for the US (Steele, 2012). Unlike in other countries where the US has intervened such as Libya, Syria has an advanced air defense system supplied by the Russians. Any US intervention would be met with a significant military action from the Syrian government. The Syrian and US conflict has blocked US efforts at nurturing a strategic partnership with Syria and Iran. Freeman and Quandt (2013) reveal that it has always been a main objective of US policy in the Middle East to establish a good relationship with Iran. Iran and Syria are two of the largest and most influential Muslim states in the region, making them important prospective strategic partners for Washington. The Syrian conflict has forced the US to take a side against the Syrian gov ernment and its Iranian allies. This has led to deterioration in the relationship between the US and these Middle East countries. Steele (2012) states that the US has tried to reduce Iranian influence in the Syrian affair. However, this has proved to be difficult, as Iran has continued to fund the Assad regime and provide it with the necessary military and economic support. This has been an unfavorable occurrence since Iran has publicly declared its opposition to the US and the country is constantly opposing US policy in the region. Resolving the Conflict The stability of the Middle East has been offset by the Syrian conflict. There are fears that if the conflict is prolonged, the region will become even more unstable as Syrian refugees move to neighboring countries and weapons are proliferated in the region. It is therefore in the best interest of the international community for the conflict to be resolved quickly. The US continues to show great commitment to the events taking plac e in Syria. The Obama administration is keen to see the Syrian crisis resolved effectively and as soon as possible. However, the current efforts have not led to an end to the conflict. The US can use a number of methods to resolve the conflict.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Syria and United States conflict specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Washington should provide military aid to the opposition forces that are trying to overthrow the Assad regime. The rebel forces have so far shown great commitment to ending the Assad reign. However, these forces are poorly equipped and they have been unable to hold strategic positions against the well-equipped government forces. Haass (2013) agrees that while an armed intervention to end the fighting might lead to a large-scale civil war in the country, discrete military aid to opposition groups can help remove the current leadership without a potentially costly civil wa r outbreak in the country. Some advocates of peaceful negotiations argue that arming the opposition will jeopardize the peace talks. This is not necessarily the case since a militarily strong opposition will force the Assad regime to opt for negotiations since the government will realize that it cannot win the war through military force. The US should reach an agreement with Russia and Iran concerning the situation in Syria. While the conflict is going on among the Syrians, outside influence has been responsible for the prolonging of the conflict. The Syrian and US conflict is affected by the actions of countries that support the Syrian government. Specifically, the economic, political, and military support offered to the Assad regime by Russia and Iran has ensured that his government has been able to withstand rebel forces and international pressure. Russia has provided Syria with advanced weaponry making it hard for the US to consider an all out military offensive against al-Assad . If the US can convince Russia and Iran to seek a peaceful end to the conflict, Assad would be forced to listen to his two key allies. Conclusion This paper set out to analyze the Syrian and US conflict and propose some solutions to the problem. It began by highlighting the significance of the Syrian conflict and the role that the US is expected to play as a major world power. The Syrian conflict has reduced American influence in the region and promoted terrorist organizations due to the breakdown of the Syrian security apparatus. The conflict has also increased the influence that Iran has in the region and this is undesirable for US interests. The paper has recommended that the US should provide military aid to the opposition. This will encourage Assad to seek a diplomatic solution to the problem. In addition to this, the US can urge Russia and Iran to engage in cooperative efforts to end the conflict through diplomacy. By doing this, the Syrian conflict will end and US interests will be protected.Advertising Looking for research paper on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More References Al-Gharbi, M. (2013). Syria Contextualized: The Numbers Game. Middle East Policy, 20 (1), 56-67. Crowley, M. (2013). A War He Does not Want. Time, 181 (15), 13-14. Freeman, C., Quandt, W.B. (2013). US Grand Strategy in the Middle East: Is There One? Middle East Policy, 20 (1), 1-29. Haass, R. (2013). The Irony of American Strategy. Foreign Affairs, 92 (3), 57-67. Steele, J. (2012). A Way Out of Syrias Catastrophe. The Nation, 295 (16), 24-26.

Stem Cell Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Stem Cell - Essay Example For millions of others, the time has come to overcome the unfounded religious and political obstacles that have log-jammed this river of hope and proceed with stem cell research and development. The application of stem cell research is an ethical endeavor that could result in the saving of millions of lives, untold misery, and offer hope to millions that suffer from disease and disability. Stem cell research is science. It is no less science than in-vitro fertilization, organ transplants, and blood transfusions. Our scientific tradition compels us to explore new uses for science and craft ways to put it to work to alleviate suffering and premature death. Blocking science for political purposes is unconscionable and as Kinsley reminds us, "Imagine being paralyzed by a spinal cord injury in your teens, watching for decades as medical treatment progresses but not quite fast enough, and knowing that it could have been faster." This concern is also shared by an overwhelming number of Americans. While most Americans favor moving ahead with stem cell research, those that oppose it most often cite religious objections as their reason (Americans Speak Out). Strict conservative Christians have blocked federal funding for increased research as they have mistakenly related it to the abortion issue.

Russia as a Developer of the Modern Terrorism Coursework

Russia as a Developer of the Modern Terrorism - Coursework Example According to the research findings, it can, therefore, be said that the practice of individual terror is well known in Russia from the times of the anarchists and Bolsheviks movements at the beginning of the twentieth century when professional revolutionaries pursued the policy of random murder struggling against Russian Czarism. After the Bolsheviks revolution in 1917, the new Red government arranged so-called â€Å"red terror† against dissidents among the former Russian intelligentsia. The first concentration camps were invented not by Hitler, as it is assumed to recognize, but by the leader of Soviet Russia Vladimir Lenin in the 1920s. The next Russian leader Joseph Stalin developed the death camp practice to the incredible scale. Millions of people died in the Siberian death camps being incriminated for anti-Soviet activity. The terror and violence constituted the main technology of the Soviet Russia expansion during the 1920-1940s. Annexing new territories such as Ukraine , Baltic Countries, and the Caucasus, Soviet Russia eliminated the opposition by means of the army and the secret service terror. The deportation of the whole nations such as Chechens and Crimean Tatars into Central Asia in the 1940-1950s resulted afterward in the local conflicts and wars in the 1990s. During the seminar at The City University of New York dedicated to terrorism in Russia, Professor Randall Law showed the direct link between Chechen’s struggle for independence and terrorism in the 1990s. Due to the fusion of militant Islam and the independence intentions, Chechens had to apply terroristic methods against Russia. The reason was in a policy of President Putin, who managed to convince the worldwide community that Russia was fighting against the international terrorism during both Chechen wars. Ben Laden and Hattab names have added validity to Putin’s arguments. After the World War II, the Soviet Union established Soviet regimes in several Central European countries by means of the so-called Warsaw Pact making such countries as Poland, Bulgaria, and Czechoslovakia dependent of Moscow.

Development of New Medicines A History

Development of New Medicines A History AnnaMaria Roca As many diseases were able to be cured due to new medicines, new diseases are soaring such as AIDS. However, peoples lives have expanded all around the world due to so many studies that even included drugs. As strange as it sounds, medical drugs became the new thing to cure certain diseases such as tuberculosis. During the time of the 20th century, the medical advances increased in many areas. The advancement evolved in many areas in biology, chemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and technology. Due to the knowledge that brought to their understanding, diseases got new treatments and cures as more studies grew larger. â€Å"Toward the end of the 19th century the study of herbal, chemical, and mineral remedies (what was called material medica) was transformed into the laboratory science of pharmacology(Planetseed)†. Plant drugs such as opium were being analyized and examined. After a while, it was ready to be manufactured due to researchers becoming comfortable of their knowledge about the drugs. The pharmaceutical industry was marketing these products near the start of the 20th century. This is when aspirin was invented as the company Bayer used a systematic chemical named acetylsalicylic acid. Paul Ehrlich studied in pharmacology and created the first effective treatment for syphilis. He manufactured the arsenic-based compound Salvarsan in 1909. Ehrlich also created the word â€Å"chemotherapy† and due to that, formed the first antibiotic drug. Later on, a guy named Gerhard produced the first useful sulfa drug which is also an antibiotic. This was used to treat streptoccal, strep, and diseases, including meningitis. Even though viral diseases weren’t being cured by antibiotics, antiviral vaccines did. Smallpox and polio were important to the vaccines that cured them. Polio, which is mainly a disease of childhood, causes paralysis. Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin were two scientist that worke to develop a polio vaccine. However, two different versions of this vaccine were developled, which were brought into the world in the mid-1950s. Salk’s developed the vaccine that was used on the deadly virus, while Sabin’s was used on the live one. Both that were used resulted in success. Polio was mostly put to rest by the end of the 20th century. In the 1920s, Alexander Fleming studied mold samples and found something that could be very important in the medical field. Mold was growing on bacteria samples which killed them. He recognized the mold as penicillin. During World War II, they used this with their extended research on injured soldiers to test it out the new drug. It proved very effective against anthrax, tetanus, and syphilis. This was also the first drug that worked against pneumonia. â€Å"Antiretroviral drugs were developed in the 1980s to combat AIDS. (Retroviruses are a class of virus.) Viruses mutate so quickly, however, that developing antiviral (and antiretroviral) agents has proved very difficult (Planetseed)†. So due to this, the multiple studies and hard work to develop a vaccine for malaria and AIDS are unsuccessful. Other antiviral vaccines were also developed to cure measles, chickenpox, and influenza. Vaccines against human papillomavirus and shingles became available in 2006. The first antiviral drug in the 1970’s were acyclovir that helped against some forms of herpes. However, this doesn’t cure herpes but its useful for not breaking out in herpe sores or blisters. Researchers have used many different approaches to develop drugs for patients. One major revolution in treating illnesses was a new understanding of theimmune system. The advancement in immunology has brought progress to all of the autoimmune diseases. The autoimmune diseases include type 1 diabetes, lupus, muscular dystrophy, and rheumatoid arthritis.the research has led to the development of immunotherapy. That would the use of drugs to modify the immune system. As immunosuppressive drugs help treat autoimmune diseases, it also is a great success in the area of organ transplantation. First transplant to occur where the kidneys and then soon later become the first heart transplants. However, those patients didn’t survive that long due to their body’s immune system rejecting the new organs. Cyclosporins was then created as the first effective immunosuppressive drug to fix that problem. This advanced even further for todays modern surgery that allows any organ of the human body to be transplanted from one individual to another. AIDS brought the science of immunology to new studies. AIDS was considered a death sentence since it destroy s the immune system as it resists infection. However, antiretroviral drug treatments extends the lives of individuals for years who are infected for many years, but it still doesn’t have a real cure. Studies in the immunological medical search also dealt with genetics. The body’s cells and organisms that could infect it were studied. They then understood the roles of genes, the chromosomes and cell metabolism. Deocyribonuclei acid, also known as DNA is located at the core of the chromosome. After the study of the body’s cells, the biggest breakthrough then happened. A biochemist Frank Crick, and biologist James Watson were able to interpret the structure of DNA and were then able to use it in medicine. They found out that many diseases can be drawn to genes or defective chromosomes. Due to these findings, it is now possible to be tested for diseases like cystic fibrosis, huntingtyons chorea and forms of breast cancer. Genetic engineering even allows us to generate new drugs such as insulin, interferon, human growth hormone, and other hormones used to stimulate blood cell production. Physicist Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen discovered X-rays and made it capable to look at the internal organs of the body. This resulted in easier diagnoses for broken bones, cancer, and other diseases. Later on a physiologist, invented the first electrocardiograph. This was used for people with heart problems which the device was used to record electrical activity of the heart muscles. Tubes were then used to drain fluids or used to put in medicine were put into the heart and liver. The technologies that were discovered were ultrasound imaging, computerized tomography scans, positron emission tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging. X-rays are a form of radiation which you would consider very dangerous to the body. After a while Radiologists realized that x rays were a form of radiation and are very dangerous to the body which resulted in them now using the lowest doses possible. They also became more knowledgeable about the use of X-rays to destroy unwanted cells. Radiation has become a treatment for cancer. Technology also helps people who need surgery. It allows the surgeon to look into further of the body which also allows radical invasive surgeries. Flexible endoscopes also became useful for hernias, gall bladders, kidneys, and knees. It is based on a fiber optic technology which is used for a keyhole surgery. It is a scope that has a laser which can cut like a sharp knife which makes a tiny incision. During the mid 20th century, a heart-lung machine was manufactured. It keeps patients alive by maintaining blood circulation while a surgeon is operating on an unbeating heart. Artificial organs are also a development that became useful for many individuals. Due to the fact that there aren’t enough organs for people, artificial organs help them to survive until one is found for them. Hemodialysis which was developed by a scientist named Willem Kolff. It helps patients live longer with kidney failure. Missing limbs were also being helped due to the development of prosthetics. Artificial limbs use to be made of metal and wood which later on turned into plastic that was developed in the mid-20th century. â€Å"But now, advanced materials, such as carbon fiber, high-tech plastics and metals, have enabled researchers to create devices that operate by electronic attachment to the muscles(Planetseed)†. In otherwords, Individuals lives have expanded all around the world due to so many studies of different things. The medical advancement evolved in many areas in biology, chemistry, physiology, pharmacology, and technology. Due to the knowledge that brought to their understanding like the medical drugs becoming a factor of helping people. As the studies grow, the more treamtns and cure grow because that is the key factor to it all. Studying and learning and eventually achieving what you’ve been working hard for doesn’t only help yourself but other lives as well. WORKS CITED: 20th Century Medical Advances | History of Medicine | PlanetSEED. 20th Century Medical Advances | History of Medicine | PlanetSEED. Web. 18 May 2015. Parker, Steve. Medical Advances. Austin, Tex.: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1998. Print. Fong, Kevin. Extreme Medicine: How Exploration Transformed Medicine in the Twentieth Century. 2014. Print.

Prosecution Of Macbeth (if He Was Tried For The Murder Of Duncan) :: essays research papers

Ladies and Gentlemen of the jury, we have heard the defence glorify Macbeth in an effort to cloud the horrible acts of murder that he committed. The question that we are here to answer today stands, ?is Macbeth guilty of the murder of our beloved king, Duncan?. Many questions cloud our judgement today. Did Macbeth have a motive to kill the king? Did Macbeth meticulously premeditate the murder of Duncan? Did Macbeth carryout, then cover up the murder of King Duncan? Ladies and gentlemen it will be difficult, nay impossible for you to deny any of these allegations of murder against Macbeth, because simply put, he did commit these vicious acts of murder. Members of the jury, King Duncan was ruler of Scotland in a kingdom which the Scottish lineage to the throne moves from father to first-born son. However a member from within the same bloodline could lay claim to the throne if Duncan had no living sons. Therefore a question ponders in your mind. Why would Macbeth murder king Duncan? Macbeth had no legitimate claim to the throne However ladies and gentleman, what some of you may not know is that Macbeth was in-fact the King?s cousin. Before Duncan?s untimely death he stated to Macbeth: ?O valiant cousin! Worthy gentleman? (pg 32) which confirms that Macbeth was in-fact Duncan?s cousin. Therefore Macbeth was in the same bloodline as Duncan, and therefore could take the throne if Duncan had no sons who were able to ascend to the throne. But since Duncan had already named Malcolm as heir to the throne, Duncan had to be murdered. This was always in the back of MacBeth?s mind from the very beginning. The prophecy of the three witches, only fired his imagination to confirm the terrible deeds he was already planning, the death of king Duncan and tearing the throne from his dying hands. Macbeth stated ?I am settled, and bend up each corporal agent to this terrible feat. Away, and mock the time with fairest show: False face must hide what false heart doth know.? (Pg 55) This demonstrates that he was resolute and determined to use all the powers of his body to commit that terrible murder. He was to deceive the world by framing two innocent servants and appearing distraught by Duncan?s untimely death. The death of a king, who was a kind-hearted man, was aided by the blatant mis-use of his own love, loyalty and trust for his closest friends

Silence Kills, Animal Farm Essay

Haley Zrnchik Mrs. Hawkins Honors English 1, Red 1 13 December 2012 Silence Kills In George Orwell’s Animal Farm, Benjamin, a soft-spoken donkey, finds his once peaceful home transformed into a tyrannical dictatorship led by a power-hungry pig named Napoleon. Because of Benjamin’s reserved nature, he ultimately was able to lead Animal Farm into its oppression. Benjamin’s silence, his ability to follow without question, and his inability to share his wisdom with the other animals turned him into one of the main contributors to the tyrannical behavior that occurred and the loss of freedom and equality on Animal Farm.When someone keeps their thoughts silent, it usually allows wrong to happen; in this case, Benjamin and his reserved nature is what helped to fuel the farm’s oppression. So when: â€Å"Benjamin . . . seemed to understand, but would say nothing† (109) he allowed the other animals to go without knowing about Napoleon’s true intentions . Perhaps Benjamin assumed that his silence would protect him, and that by staying silent, he was not creating more drama and instead helping to minimize it. Even though Benjamin is one of the more intelligent animals on the farm, his standoffishness is what helped Napoleon lead as a dictator: â€Å"Benjamin . . nodded his muzzle with a knowing air† (109) Benjamin had the ability to share his wisdom with the other animals on the farm. However, instead of spreading the truth about Napoleon, Benjamin kept to himself and refused to meddle in what he considered to be â€Å"nonsense†. Benjamin refused to voice his thoughts and because of that, he allowed his friends to die, his home to be destroyed, and his life to be turned into that of a follower. Instead of speaking up, Benjamin quietly followed the orders he was given. So while he never volunteered to do extra work, he never did less than what he was supposed to: â€Å". . . ven . . . Benjamin . . . did [his] shareâ₠¬  (60-61) Because Benjamin did not try to overthrow Napoleon, he allowed Napoleon to become a stronger and more influential dictator on Animal Farm. Had Benjamin not allowed himself to be turned into a follower, he most likely would have been able to prevent the farm’s oppression. More often than not, it is the followers that help to fuel a tyranny: â€Å"Benjamin was watching . . . [silently and] intently† (102). Followers sit, watch, do what they are told, and they listen. While Benjamin may not have agreed with Napoleon’s rulings, he never objected to any of them either.Benjamin is a follower and he always will be, because even though he possesses the qualities of a leader, he doesn’t have the strength, the care, or the willpower to speak up. Benjamin was always quiet soul, but when he lost Boxer, the pain in his heart only intensified. Benjamin tried to save his dear friend before he was sent to the â€Å"knacker’s† but alas, he wasnâ €™t fast enough: â€Å"Come at once! They’re taking Boxer away! † he shouted . . . Sure enough, there was a . . . van, drawn by two horses . . . And Boxer’s stall was empty . . . â€Å"Good-bye, Boxer! † [The animals] chorused . . . â€Å"Fools! Fools! † shouted Benjamin . . . â€Å"Fools!Do you not see what is written on . . . that van? . . . Alfred Simmonds, Horse Slaughterer . . . They are taking Boxer to the knacker’s! † . . . But the van was already . . . drawing away from them . . . [And] Boxer was never seen again. After losing Boxer, Benjamin recoiled deeper into his shell of silence. Little did Benjamin realize that if he chose to harness his anger and use it as a tool to fight against Napoleon, he probably would have been victorious. Even though he spoke in a condescending and undermining tone before, after Boxer died, Benjamin chose not to speak at all: â€Å"Only old Benjamin was much the same as ever . . except . . . since Boxer’s death, more morose and taciturn than ever† (128) Benjamin’s growing silence caused him to become a bigger contributor to the loss of freedom and equality on Animal Farm. At this point, he wouldn’t speak up; Benjamin confirmed his spot as a follower and never as anything more. Sometimes silence is the deadliest weapon. Benjamin proved that by remaining quiet through a time of oppression, one would only be helping to promote a leader’s totalitarianism.His stubborn silence, his adamancy towards following his orders, and his taciturn attitude after the death of Boxer only stood to show that a follower sometimes can be the strongest contribution to a tyranny. Napoleon’s dictatorship, while strong, would not have been as successful had it not been for his followers. Benjamin and the others, while they may not have realized it, were key attributes needed to lead to the ultimate removal of freedom and equality on Animal Farm. Works Cit ed Orwell, George. Animal Farm: With Connections. Austin, TX: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1999. Print.

Police Officers And Officers Police And Corrections Officers

If My Mind Could Forget the Things My Eyes Have Seen Abuse by police officers and officers in penal institutions is a big subject in the media now. Turn to a news station and the chances of seeing at least on case are pretty high. The most unreported incidents, however, is actually assault on police officers and corrections officers. The media does not report these issues nearly as much as it tries to portray officer assault on criminals. Why is it that the media covers up the big issue of officer assault and reports the â€Å"innocent† criminals being assaulted? When the media is trying to scare someone they don’t say criminals are bad, instead, make it seem like the selfless officers risking their lives are the bad guys and use it as a scare tactic to create distrust and panic in the public. Abuse falls under six definitions when applied to law enforcement. Physical abuse: The blatant beating, striking, or physical mistreatment of an inmate. This is a very vague area because any physical contact with an inmate can be reported as abuse. Psychological abuse: The mental degradation of an inmate through embarrassment, unnecessary command or criticism. Unlawful interrogation, which is literally unheard of anymore, means the use of starvation, sleep deprivation, dehydration, etc. Excessive force: When compliance must be obtained physically and the amount of force used far exceeds the need. 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